World Geography Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Through all these ages, geographic knowledge helped man in his exploration and navigation endeavors. James and Trapasso (2006) claimed that it would have been difficult for Columbus to discover America and the West Indies without a world map. On the other hand, Arab traders would not travel to unchartered territories without knowing the distance between continents. This means that there would be no definite globalization, governance structures and spatial planning without the knowledge of geography. Importance of Geography Understanding different aspects of the earth is important in explaining apparent disparities in terms of resource endowment, political orientations and climatic discordance of regions. According to Chant (2002), knowledge developed from studying influence of latitudes is important in explaining difference between tropic and polar climates. Understanding climatic difference of regions marked the foundation of agriculture as part of economic geography. Therefore, geography unearthed the varied resource endowment of regions across the world. In addition, without knowledge of temperature and soil differences, people in Sri Lanka would not know that their country has high potential for tea farming. On the other hand, people would still be wondering why natural tragedies like earth quakes and hurricanes happen. We will write a custom essay sample on World Geography or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now According to Short (2003), study of longitudinal aspects was important in comprehending time difference observed between different regions across the world. Geography and European Imperialism At some point in historical studies, one may fail to understand how European countries like Britain, Germany and France conquered vast geographical regions in Africa and Asia. However, such phenomena can be explained by acknowledging the role played by geography in imperialism. European imperialism features as one of the territorial expansions which benefited immensely from geography. During the early 18th Century, European nations like Britain and France were undergoing substantial development and accumulation of wealth. According to Phillips and Jones (2005), the desire to amass great wealth led to exploration of other geographical regions having indefinite governance structures but with abundant natural resources. In this context, member states involved in European imperialism started planning for their territorial expansion using geographical knowledge of Africa and Asia. First, British army commanders were able to indentify viable spots in Asian territories like Singapore where they could establish ports for their navy ships.

Globalization The Route to Global Destruction Essay

Globalization is a confusing concept. For some it conjures up images of electronic communications: an email, global media, and popularization of mobile phones. For others it is about trade: the ability to buy coca-cola in rural villages in Africa. For yet others it is about misappropriation and greed: the suicide of Indian peasant farmers ruined by agri-business and genetically modified seeds. From now on, I will present the negative effects of globalization. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;?gGlobalization?h is a very uneven process, with unequal distribution of benefits and losses. The problem is that of who gains and loses from the potential benefits. This imbalance leads to polarization or separation between the few rich countries or†¦show more content†¦?@The Human Development Report, 1996 showed that over the past three decades, only 15 countries have enjoyed high growth, while 89 countries were worse off economically than they were ten or more years earlier. In 70 developing countries, the present income levels were less than in the 1960s and 1970s. ?gEconomic gains have benefited greatly a few countries, at the expense of many?h, said the report. ?@ ?@The resulting inequalities in health outcomes are stark. Those living in absolute poverty are five times more likely to die before reaching five years of age than those in higher income groups. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another problem of globalization is that it brought about a shift in power: the nation state has weakened?@and reduced its social accountability. The control of national economies is seen by some as possibly shifting from sovereign governments to other entities, including the mostShow MoreRelatedEssay on Historiography of Globalization1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of globalization is a lengthy and complicated one. 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Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Question: Discuss about the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Answer: Introduction: Scanning electron microscope(SEM) uses electrons in forming image of specimens. It offers number of advantages in comparison with conventional microscope. It has greater scope of field, high resolution and uses electromagnets. Specimens which are closely spaced can be analysed at higher levels of magnification and researcher easily controls magnification. It produces images of exceptional clarity. Hence SEM is a primary tool for researchers in the present day. An electron gun produces an electron beam which is focussed toward the sample by lenses and electromagnetic fields. The electron beam strikes the sample. X-rays, electrons are ejected. These are collected by detectors and converted into signals. These signals are transmitted to a monitor and the image of specimens is displayed. Water content from the samples is removed since water vaporises in vacuum condition which exists in the SEM. To protect the users from associated radiation hazard during the operation of SEM, it is ensured that shielding is not undermined and the levels of exposure are very less (Scanning Electron Microscope n.d.). In a transmission electron microscope (TEM) the basic principle of operation is similar to that of light microscope. The wavelength of light acts as limiting factor in the light microscope. Instead of light,electrons are used in TEM. Due to low wavelength of electrons the resolution of image in a TEM is more than thousand times better in comparison with the light microscope. The high magnifications obtained in TEM has enabled its use in materials, medical and biological research. Electrons emitted by a light source are focused by electromagnetic lenses into a thin beam. The electron beam is transmitted through the specimen under study. Some electrons undergo scattering and disappear. The scattering depends on the material's density. The electrons which are not scattered strike a fluorescent screen. A shadow image of the specimen is formed on the screen. The different parts of specimen are displayed at various darkness levels depending on their density. A camera is used to take photograph of the image or the operator/ user can directly study the image on the screen(The Transmission Electron Microscope 2016). Optical emission spectrometry principle: Electrical energy in the nature of spark is applied between a metal sample and electrode. The atoms in the sample are vaporised and move to high energy state due to generation of discharge plasma. The excited ions and atoms which are present in the discharge plasma result in the creation of characteristic emission spectrum of light which is specific to the elements present in the sample. A single element can generate number of characteristic spectral lines. Light which is generated by plasma consists of spectral lines which are produced by metal sample elements. A diffraction grating is used to split the light and emission spectrum of target elements is extracted. The intensity of spectrum is dependent on concentration of elements present in metal sample. Photomultiplier tube detectors measure spectrum intensity of every element after the absence or presence of spectrum is detected. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is performed making use of intensity measurements. The spectrometer is used for quality control in the manufacture of steel and in processes related to aluminium metallurgy(Principle of Optical Emission Spectrometry 2016) FTIR(Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectrometer) find application in analysis of food,organic synthesis among other industries. They are combined with chromatography to investigate the mechanisms involved in chemical reactions and detect volatile substances. Absorption spectroscopy which utilises infra-red ray radiation is used for determining molecular structures. The molecules of the sample are exposed to infra-red rays. The molecules assimilate certain wavelengths of infra-red radiation. The vibration of molecules is displayed in the Infra-red spectrum. The dipole moment of molecules changes. Molecules are transferred from the ground state to an excited state. Total number of absorption peaks are related to vibration modes of molecules. The change in dipole moment and energy level transition is related to absorption peak intensity in the spectrum. The infra-red spectrum is subjected to thorough analysis using Fourier transform for obtaining structural information related to the molecule. FTIR spectrometers have advantages like higher signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to the spectrum, higher accuracy of wave-number since error is small range,short scan time,wide range of scan,very high resolution,reduction of interference caused due to stray light. FTIR spectrometer comprises of source,sample chamber,Michelson interferometer,A/D converter,amplifier,detector and computer. The radiation generated by the source passes through the sample via interferometer and finally reaches the detector. The light beam is split is split by the interferometer. The two light beams travel in different paths to reach the sample. The two beams are later combined by the interferometer into a single beam and is guided to the detector. Here the intensity difference between the two beams is measured as a mathematical function of path difference. The detector produces a time domain interferogram. The analogue signal generated by the detector is amplified by the amplifier. The amplified signal is converted to digital form. In the computer the digital signal is analysed using Fourier transform. The signal analysed using the Fourier transform is a plot of signal intensity against wave-number(Birkner Wang 2015). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) finds routine deployment in diverse fields which include geochemistry, life sciences ,forensic science, archaeology, environmental science and different industries. ICP MS is used for detection, identification and reliable quantification of trace elements. The instruments based on ICP MS are robust,reliable and possess very large spectral resolution. They are used for detecting multi-element isotopes. ICP MS possesses properties like high sensitivity,response which is not dependent on compounds present in sample, comparative salt tolerance and high quantification accuracy. They are also used in investigating health crises like nerve degeneration caused by methyl mercury,poisoning of drinking water by arsenic compounds, brain damage caused by lead compounds(Ammann 2007). An ICP-MS combines high-temperature source containing argon and a mass spectrometer. The source converts atoms in the sample to ions. Later separation of ions takes place. The spectrometer detects the ions. The sample, in the form of aerosol is exposed to the discharge plasma. The elements in the aerosol get converted into atoms which are in gaseous state. Then the atoms are ionised. Electrostatic lenses focus the ions. The optical system can comprise of one lens or 12 lenses. The ions and the electrostatic lens are positively charged. The lens collimate the beam of ions. Then the ion beam is focussed onto the slit of spectrometer. The separation of ions in spectrometer is performed based on mass-to-charge ratio. Quadrupole mass filter is the commonly used mass spectrometer. The ions are then detected and counted using an appropriate detector. The ions which strike the detector are converted into an electrical signal. The signal is measured and analysed. Information related to number of atoms of particular elements present in the sample is available after analysis which is performed using known calibration standards(Wolf 2013). X-ray diffraction analysis is a distinctive method for determining crystallinity of compound. A crystal possesses well-defined properties like intrinsic dissolution rate melting point and solubility. Knowledge about crystalline structure of compounds is required in controlling the final nature of a product during the development stages. Diffractogram is the result of XRD analysis. It displays intensity as a mathematical function of diffraction angles. A material can be positively identified making use of XRD analysis. The X-rays which are generated in the system undergo filtration process to create radiation of a single frequency. It is then concentrated using a collimator and focussed towards the sample. Interaction between sample and incident ray generates constructive interference along with diffracted ray when the concerned physics law is satisfied. XRD analysis generates a unique diffraction pattern and provides a novel fingerprint of crystals present in given sample. Interpretation of diffraction patterns is performed in comparison with standard measurements and reference patterns. The fingerprint enables easy identification of crystalline form present in the sample(X-Ray Diffraction n.d.). Reference List Scanning Electron Microscope n.d., Purdue University-Radiological and Environmental Management, accessed 26 Nov 2016, https://www.purdue.edu/ehps/rem/rs/sem.htm. The Transmission Electron Microscope 2016,Nobel Media,accessed 26 Nov 2016,https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/tem/. Principle of Optical Emission Spectrometry 2016,Shimadzu-Analytical and Measuring Instruments,accessed 26 Nov 2016, https://www.shimadzu.com/an/elemental/oes/oes.html Birkner,N Wang,Q 2015. How an FTIR Spectrometer Operates.University of California-Davis,accessed 26 Nov 2016, https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Spectroscopy/Vibrational_Spectroscopy/Infrared_Spectroscopy/How_an_FTIR_Spectrometer_Operates. Ammann AA 2007. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS): a versatile tool. PubMed,accessed 26 Nov 2016,https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17385793 Wolf,R.E 2013. What is ICP-MS ?... and more importantly, what can it do?U.S. Geological Survey,accessed 26 Nov 2016,https://crustal.usgs.gov/laboratories/icpms/intro.html. X-Ray Diffraction XRD n.d, Particle Analytical,accessed 26 Nov 2016,https://particle.dk/methods-analytical-laboratory/xrd-analysis/